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<h1>Various Conjugation Charts</h1>

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<center><span class="summary">Outline</span></center>
<ol>
<li><a href="#part1">Various Conjugation Charts</a></li>
<li><a href="#part2">State-of-being</a></li>
<li><a href="#part3">Noun and Na-adjective Conjugations</a></li>
<li><a href="#part4">I-adjective Conjugations</a></li>
</ol>
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<h2 id="part1">Various Conjugation Charts</h2>
<p>For your convenience, I have compiled conjugation tables for each type of conjugation as a quick and handy reference.</p>

<h2 id="part2">State-of-being</h2>
<p>This section goes over the state-of-being conjugations for plain, and polite forms.</p>

<center>

<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Plain Conjugations</caption>
<tr align="center"><td></td><th>Positive</th><th>Negative</th><th>Past</th><th>Negative Past</th></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Noun</th><td><span title="さかな - fish" class="popup">魚</span>（だ）</td><td><span title="さかな - fish" class="popup">魚</span>じゃない</td><td><span title="さかな - fish" class="popup">魚</span>だった</td><td><span title="さかな - fish" class="popup">魚</span>じゃなかった</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Na-adjective</th><td><span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静か（な）</span></td><td><span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静かじゃない</span></td><td><span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静かだった</span></td><td><span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静かじゃなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>I-adjective</th><td><span title="たかい - high, tall, expensive" class="popup">高い</span></td><td><span title="たかい - high, tall, expensive" class="popup">高くない</span></td><td><span title="たかい - high, tall, expensive" class="popup">高かった</span></td><td><span title="たかい - high, tall, expensive" class="popup">高くなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Ru-verb</th><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べる</span></td><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べない</span></td><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べた</span></td><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb: Ends in 「す」</th><td><span title="はなす - to talk" class="popup">話す</span></td><td><span title="はなす - to talk" class="popup">話した</span></td><td><span title="はなす - to talk" class="popup">話さない</span></td><td><span title="はなす - to talk" class="popup">話さなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb: Ends in 「く」</th><td><span title="かく - to write" class="popup">書く</span></td><td><span title="かく - to write" class="popup">書いた</span></td><td><span title="かく - to write" class="popup">書かない</span></td><td><span title="かく - to write" class="popup">書かなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb: Ends in 「ぐ」</th><td><span title="およぐ - to swim" class="popup">泳ぐ</span></td><td><span title="およぐ - to swim" class="popup">泳いだ</span></td><td><span title="およぐ - to swim" class="popup">泳がない</span></td><td><span title="およぐ - to swim" class="popup">泳がなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb: Ends in 「む」</th><td><span title="かむ - to bite" class="popup">噛む</span></td><td><span title="かむ - to bite" class="popup">噛んだ</span></td><td><span title="かむ - to bite" class="popup">噛まない</span></td><td><span title="かむ - to bite" class="popup">噛まなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb: Ends in 「ぶ」</th><td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊ぶ</span></td><td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊んだ</span></td><td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊ばない</span></td><td><span title="あそぶ - to play" class="popup">遊ばなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb: Ends in 「ぬ」</th><td><span title="しぬ - to die" class="popup">死ぬ</span></td><td><span title="しぬ - to die" class="popup">死んだ</span></td><td><span title="しぬ - to die" class="popup">死なない</span></td><td><span title="しぬ - to die" class="popup">死ななかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb: Ends in 「る」</th><td><span title="きる - to cut" class="popup">切る</span></td><td><span title="きる - to cut" class="popup">切った</span></td><td><span title="きる - to cut" class="popup">切らない</span></td><td><span title="きる - to cut" class="popup">切らない</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb: Ends in 「う」</th><td><span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買う</span></td><td><span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買わない</span></td><td><span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買わない</span></td><td><span title="かう - to buy" class="popup">買わなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb: Ends in 「つ」</th><td><span title="もつ - to hold" class="popup">持つ</span></td><td><span title="もつ - to hold" class="popup">持った</span></td><td><span title="もつ - to hold" class="popup">持たない</span></td><td><span title="もつ - to hold" class="popup">持たなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Exception Verb: <span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span></th><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span></td><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">した</span></td><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しない</span></td><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Exception Verb: <span title="くる - to come" class="popup">くる</span></th><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">くる</span></td><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">きた</span></td><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こない</span></td><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">こなかった</span></td></tr>
</table>

<br /><br />

<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Plain Conjugation Exceptions</caption>
<tr align="center"><td></td><th>Positive</th><th>Negative</th><th>Past</th><th>Negative Past</th></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>I-adjective: <span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span></th><td><span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span></td><td><em><span title="いい - good" class="popup">よくない</span></em></td><td><em><span title="いい - good" class="popup">よかった</span></em></td><td><em><span title="いい - good" class="popup">よくなかった</span></em></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>I-adjective: <span title="かっこいい - good-looking, cool" class="popup">かっこいい</span></th><td><span title="かっこいい - good-looking, cool" class="popup">かっこいい</span></td><td><em><span title="かっこいい - good-looking, cool" class="popup">かっこよくない</span></em></td><td><em><span title="かっこいい - good-looking, cool" class="popup">かっこよかった</span></em></td><td><em><span title="かっこいい - good-looking, cool" class="popup">かっこよくなかった</span></em></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Verb: <span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ある</span></th><td><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ある</span></td><td><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">あった</span></td><td><em><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span></em></td><td><em><span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なかった</span></em></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Verb: <span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行く</span></th><td><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行く</span></td><td><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かない</span></td><td><em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行った</span></em></td><td><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かなかった</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Verb: <span title="とう - to inquire" class="popup">問う</span></th><td><span title="とう - to inquire" class="popup">問う</span></td><td><span title="とう - to inquire" class="popup">問わない</span></td><td><em><span title="とう - to inquire" class="popup">問うた</span></em></td><td><span title="とう - to inquire" class="popup">問わなかった</span></td></tr>
</table>

<br />

<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<caption>Polite Endings</caption>
<tr align="center"><td></td><th>Positive</th><th>Negative</th><th>Past</th><th>Negative Past</th></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Noun</th><td><span title="さかな - fish" class="popup">魚</span>です</td><td><span title="さかな - fish" class="popup">魚</span>じゃないです<br /><span title="さかな - fish" class="popup">魚</span>じゃありません</td><td><span title="さかな - fish" class="popup">魚</span>でした</td><td><span title="さかな - fish" class="popup">魚</span>じゃありませんでした</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Na-adjective</th><td><span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静かです</span></td><td><span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静かじゃないです</span><br /><span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静かじゃありません</span></td><td><span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静かでした</span></td><td><span title="しずか - quiet" class="popup">静かじゃありませんでした</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>I-adjective</th><td><span title="たかい - high, tall, expensive" class="popup">高いです</span></td><td><span title="たかい - high, tall, expensive" class="popup">高くないです</span><br /><span title="たかい - high, tall, expensive" class="popup">高くありません</span></td><td><span title="たかい - high, tall, expensive" class="popup">高かったです</span></td><td><span title="たかい - high, tall, expensive" class="popup">高くありませんでした</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Ru-verb</th><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べます</span></td><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べません</span></td><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べました</span></td><td><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べませんでした</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>U-verb</th><td><span title="はなす - to talk" class="popup">話します</span></td><td><span title="はなす - to talk" class="popup">話しません</span></td><td><span title="はなす - to talk" class="popup">話した</span></td><td><span title="はなす - to talk" class="popup">話しませんでした</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Exception Verb: <span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span></th><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">します</span></td><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しません</span></td><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しました</span></td><td><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しませんでした</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th>Exception Verb: <span title="くる - to come" class="popup">くる</span></th><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">きます</span></td><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">きません</span></td><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">きました</span></td><td><span title="くる - to come" class="popup">きませんでした</span></td></tr>
</table>

</center>

<h2 id="part3">Using 「～がてら」 to do two things at one time</h2>
This rather formal and seldom-used grammar is used to indicate that two actions were done at the same time.
The nuance is a bit difference from <a href="timeaction2.html#part4">「ながら」</a> in that some or all of the time spent on doing one
action was also used to do another action as an aside. Remember, 「ながら」 is used to describe two exactly concurrent actions.

<p>
The interesting thing about this grammar is that no verb is required. You can just attach it a noun, and the verb "to do" is inferred. For instance, "while taking a stroll"
can simply be expressed as 「散歩<em>がてら</em>」. In the case where you want to employ a different verb, you also have the option of attaching 「がてら」 to the
stem similar to the <a href="timeaction2.html#part4">「ながら」</a> usage. In addition, the verb or noun that is accompanied by 「がてら」 is the
main action while the following action is the one done on the side.
<a href="http://www.nihongo2.com/dictionary/038.html">Refer to this site</a> to see more examples and details about this grammar.
</p>


<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「～がてら」 to do two things at one time</span>
<ul>
<li>Attach 「がてら」 to the noun or verb stem of the main action. In case of a noun, the verb 「する」 is inferred.
<br />例）　散歩 → 散歩<em>がてら</em>
<br />例）　作る → 作<em>り</em> → 作り<em>がてら</em></li>
<li>Refer to <a href="http://www.nihongo2.com/dictionary/038.html">this site</a> for more details.</li>
</ul>
</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>
（１）　散歩<em>がてら</em>、タバコを買いに行きました。
<br /> - While taking a stroll, I also used that time to buy cigarettes.
</p>


<p>
（２）　博物館を<em>見がてら</em>に、お土産を買うつもりです。
<br /> - While seeing the museum, I plan to also use that time to buy souvenirs.
</p>


<h2 id="part4">Using 「～あげく（挙句）」 to describe a bad result</h2>
「あげく」 is a grammar used to describe a result, usually negative, that came about after a great deal of effort.
The rule for this grammar is very simple. You modify the verb or noun that was carried out with 「あげく」 and then describe
the final result that came about from that verb or noun. Because this grammar is used to describe a result from an
action already completed, it is used with the past tense of the verb.
「あげく」 is essentially treated the same as any noun. In other words, you would need the 「の」 particle to modify another noun.

<p>「あげくの果て」 is another stronger version of this grammar.
<a href="http://www.nihongo2.com/dictionary/002.html">Refer to this site</a> to see more examples and details about this grammar.</p>


<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「～あげく」 to describe a final result</span>
<ul>
<li>Attach 「あげく」 to the verb or noun created the end result （「の」 particle is required for nouns）
<br />例） けんか → けんか<em>のあげく</em>
<br />例） 考えた → 考えた<em>あげく</em></li>
<li>Refer to <a href="http://www.nihongo2.com/dictionary/002.html">this site</a> for more details.</li>
</ul>
</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>
The brackets show what is being implied by the grammar.
<p>
（１）　事情を2時間かけて説明をした<em>あげく</em>、納得してもらえなかった。
<br /> - [After a great deal of] explaining the circumstances for 2 hours, [in the end], couldn't receive understanding.
</p>


<p>
（２）　先生と相談の<em>あげく</em>、退学することにした。
<br /> - [After much] consulting with teacher, [in the end], decided on dropping out of school.
</p>

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<div class="small" style="text-align:right;"><pre>This page has last been revised on 2005/7/12</pre></div>

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